Module 8: From the Universe to the Atom

investigate the processes that led to the transformation of radiation into matter that followed the ‘Big Bang’

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investigate the evidence that led to the discovery of the expansion of the Universe by Hubble (ACSPH138)ACSPH138

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analyse and apply Einstein’s description of the equivalence of energy and mass and relate this to the nuclear reactions that occur in stars (ACSPH031)ACSPH031

not written yet · needs a worked example

account for the production of emission and absorption spectra and compare these with a continuous black body spectrum (ACSPH137)ACSPH137

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investigate the key features of stellar spectra and describe how these are used to classify stars

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investigate the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and how it can be used to determine the following about a star:

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• characteristics and evolutionary stage

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• surface temperature

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• colour

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• luminosity

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investigate the types of nucleosynthesis reactions involved in Main Sequence and Post-Main Sequence stars, including but not limited to:

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• proton–proton chain

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• CNO (carbon-nitrogen-oxygen) cycle

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investigate, assess and model the experimental evidence supporting the existence and properties of the electron, including:

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• early experiments examining the nature of cathode rays

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• Thomson’s charge-to-mass experiment

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• Millikan's oil drop experiment (ACSPH026)ACSPH026

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investigate, assess and model the experimental evidence supporting the nuclear model of the atom, including:

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• the Geiger-Marsden experiment

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• Rutherford’s atomic model

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• Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron (ACSPH026)ACSPH026

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assess the limitations of the Rutherford and Bohr atomic models

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investigate the line emission spectra to examine the Balmer series in hydrogen (ACSPH138)ACSPH138

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relate qualitatively and quantitatively the quantised energy levels of the hydrogen atom and the law of conservation of energy to the line emission spectrum of hydrogen using:

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• $E=hf$

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• $E=\frac{hc}{\lambda }$

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• $\frac{1}{\lambda }=R\left[\frac{1}{n_f^2}-\frac{1}{n_i^2}\right]$ (ACSPH136)ACSPH136

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investigate de Broglie’s matter waves, and the experimental evidence that developed the following formula:

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• $\lambda =\frac{h}{mv}$ (ACSPH140)ACSPH140

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analyse the contribution of Schrödinger to the current model of the atom

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analyse the spontaneous decay of unstable nuclei, and the properties of the alpha, beta and gamma radiation emitted (ACSPH028, ACSPH030)ACSPH028 ACSPH030

not written yet · needs a worked example

examine the model of half-life in radioactive decay and make quantitative predictions about the activity or amount of a radioactive sample using the following relationships:

not written yet · needs a worked example

• $N_{\mathrm{t}}=N_{\mathrm{o}}{e}^{-\lambda t}$

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• $\lambda =\frac{\ln 2}{t_{1/2}}$

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model and explain the process of nuclear fission, including the concepts of controlled and uncontrolled chain reactions, and account for the release of energy in the process (ACSPH033, ACSPH034)ACSPH033 ACSPH034

not written yet · needs a worked example

analyse relationships that represent conservation of mass-energy in spontaneous and artificial nuclear transmutations, including alpha decay, beta decay, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion (ACSPH032)ACSPH032

taught and practised · 9 questions · Energy from the Nucleus

account for the release of energy in the process of nuclear fusion (ACSPH035, ACSPH036)ACSPH035 ACSPH036

taught and practised · 6 questions · Energy from the Nucleus

predict quantitatively the energy released in nuclear decays or transmutations, including nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, by applying: (ACSPH031, ACSPH035, ACSPH036)ACSPH031 ACSPH035 ACSPH036

taught and practised · 15 questions · Energy from the Nucleus

• the law of conservation of energy

  taught and practised · 5 questions · Energy from the Nucleus

• mass defect

  taught and practised · 3 questions · Energy from the Nucleus

• binding energy

  taught and practised · 7 questions · Energy from the Nucleus

• Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence relationship $E=m{c}^2$

  taught and practised · 8 questions · Energy from the Nucleus

analyse the evidence that suggests:

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• that protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles

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• the existence of subatomic particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons

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investigate the Standard Model of matter, including:

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• quarks, and the quark composition hadrons

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• leptons

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• fundamental forces (ACSPH141, ACSPH142)ACSPH141 ACSPH142

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investigate the operation and role of particle accelerators in obtaining evidence that tests and/or validates aspects of theories, including the Standard Model of matter (ACSPH120, ACSPH121, ACSPH122, ACSPH146)ACSPH120 ACSPH121 ACSPH122 ACSPH146

not written yet · needs a worked example